FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a must-have for anyone working with computer networks and document management. It is a basic protocol for transferring files between a client and a server in a computer network. It has a rich history dating back to the early days of the Internet.
In this guide, I will describe precisely what the FTP protocol is, its features, and its working mechanism. In addition, I will examine its security aspects, historical importance, and role in modern computing.
What is FTP Protocol in a Computer?
On April 16, 1971, Abhay Bhushan developed the FTP (File Transfer Protocol) standard. They actually created this protocol for MIT resource research. Thus, they defined it in RFC 959 in 1985.
Thanks to the FTP protocol, we access the Internet host. This protocol allows file transfer between the host computer and the computer you are using. In other words, it is a protocol used for sending documents and a program.
The file protocol works according to the server/client architecture. In other words, you run a client program on your computer. This client connects to the server program running on the host computer. As a result, you can transfer files between two PCs.
In addition, TCP is a protocol for transferring documents between systems connected to the network. You can connect to any of your servers from a computer using the client software. Thus, you can download and send documents.
How is the Security in FTP Protocol?
We usually use FTP service via network ports 20 and 21. In this case, we can easily reach the user from the Application layer of the TCP/IP network layer model. Plus, we provide access with maximum connection speed, but it is insufficient in terms of security.
It also sends the username and password without encryption. It also sends the document in plain text. This allows potential attackers to intercept the traffic. As a result, they can access the server or seize the files during the transfer.
In fact, the file transfer protocol initially emerged as a UNIX support service. However, today, there are versions for almost all popular operating systems. The traditional UNIX FTP program launches a text-based command processor. However, modern versions have a graphical user interface.
Graphical interfaces are more accessible and more straightforward to use. However, command processor-based versions are usually faster. Therefore, after we master something, we prefer command-based versions.
There are also applications such as SCP and SFTP that can solve this security problem. For example, these applications included in the SSH package encrypt the document sending. In this way, we ensure the safety of all traffic.
FTP Protocol History
In 1968, the ARPANET network was born as a small network that transmitted information using packet switching. Three years later, MIT researchers presented the first protocol for file sending (RFC 114). This was a simple email-based protocol. However, it laid the foundation for the future File Transfer Protocol.
Fifteen years after the first proposal, in 1985, they completed the protocol based on the client-server philosophy. People still use this protocol to send data over the Internet. In 1995, the commercial birth of the Internet took off. In this year, the World Wide Web gained popularity and surpassed FTP.
With the advent of browsers, it became unnecessary to know its complicated commands. Now, you can use FTP by simply typing the server’s URL into your web browser. They published the original version on April 16, 1971, as RFC 114. They later updated it with RFC 765 (June 1980) and RFC 959 (October 1985).
Additionally, they proposed RFC 2228 (June 1997), which added security extensions to the 1985 version. They also submitted RFC 2428 (September 1998), which added IPv6 support and defined a new passive mode. As a result, they made continuous improvements and updates to the FTP protocol.
How Does FTP Protocol Work?
In the FTP protocol model, the user protocol (PI) interpreter initiates the control connection on port 21. The user-PI generates standard commands and transmits them to the server process over the control connection. In response to the commands, the server PI sends standard reactions to the user PI.
These commands specify the parameters of the data connection (data port, transfer mode, representation type, and structure). They also provide parameters for operations in the file system (storage, retrieval, insertion, deletion, etc.).
The user data transfer (DTP) process expects the server to initiate the connection to the specified data port (port 20 in standard or active mode). However, it performs the data exchange according to the specified parameters.
In addition, the contact between the client and the server is independent of the file system. Therefore, even if the operating systems are different, the PI and DTP can communicate using the same standard protocol.
Finally, it is worth noting that the data connection is bidirectional. This means that people can use it simultaneously to send and receive data. However, it does not have to remain open for the entire duration of the connection.
What is an FTP Server?
An FTP server is a unique program that usually runs on a server connected to the Internet. However, it can also connect to other networks. Its function is to allow data exchange between different servers and computers.
Usually, personal computers do not have server programs. Therefore, users typically use the FTP protocol to connect remotely and exchange information.
Typical applications of transfer servers include web hosting. Customers use these servers to upload web pages and files. In addition, companies can use their servers to back up important files. In addition, they use encrypted communication protocols such as SFTP for secure data transmission.
What is an FTP Client?
Suppose a browser does not have FTP functionality. In that case, you need to use a client program to upload documents to a remote computer. We install the client program on our PC and use this protocol to connect to a server. We also prefer to download or upload files.
To use an FTP client, you need to know the name of the file, the target PC, and the device information you want to exchange. In addition, you should also see the location of the current file or folder.
Some essential console mode clients come built into operating systems such as Windows, DOS, GNU/Linux, and Unix. However, some clients offer additional options and graphical interfaces. Many browsers have integrated FTP protocol functionality. However, client programs are more reliable when connecting to non-anonymous servers.
Anonymous Access
Anonymous servers offer their services to all users. They provide access to files without the need for a ‘Registered User’ or account. This method is the most convenient way to access certain information.
If a server provides access with the word “anonymous,” the user can access the system. In this case, you usually don’t need a password, but sometimes you will need to enter your email address.
Anonymous users have limited privileges. Usually, they can only read and copy files, but they cannot modify or create new ones. We also use anonymous servers to store large documents. Additionally, we can also use this method for web page servers (HTTP) and storing text information online.
In addition, these servers store large files such as programs and web pages. We can also configure these files to read online without transferring them to the user’s machine.
Web-Based FTP Client
A web-based client is a client that we access through a web browser. That is, by connecting to the web server (HTTP), we list the contents of the server. Also, the web server connects to the server via the FTP protocol. It passes information from ports 20 and 21 to HTTP port 80.
This service is helpful when we are away from home and do not have our laptop with us. We can perform urgent tasks from a public computer, workplace, or university.
Often, we do not install the applications we need. Most of the time, we do not have permission to install them. In addition, sometimes, we may be behind a proxy or firewall that blocks our access to external servers.
However, with a web-based client, we can access the remote server through a web browser. One of the most popular web-based FTP clients is Net2FTP. With a web-based client, you can create, copy, rename, and delete documents and directories.
File Transfer Types
It is essential to use the correct methods when moving a file over the network. If we do not use the appropriate options, we may damage the document information. Therefore, remember to use one of the following commands when implementing the FTP protocol:
- ASCII
ASCII is only suitable for files that contain printable characters. For example, HTML pages fall into this category. However, such files do not contain images.
- Binary
We use binary compressed files, executable documents, images, and audio documents. This option preserves the integrity of the files and prevents data loss.
You can also use these commands with the corresponding options in graphical programs. In this way, you can make document transfer operations more secure and efficient.
What Exactly Does a File Transfer Protocol Do?
The FTP protocol is a reliable method for sending documents over the network. It was popular before modern exchange methods. However, people widely prefer them for transferring large files or multiple files. This feature makes it an ideal option for businesses that process large data sets.
In addition, it offers a standard approach to document sending. This makes file exchanges between clients, partners, or remote servers secure and consistent. In addition, FTP has security features such as encryption and user authentication. This makes it suitable for sending sensitive data.
In addition, it is advantageous for automated file transfer. Many businesses use automation to exchange data between systems. It is compatible with these automation tools and scripts. Thus, it simplifies business processes, increases efficiency, and reduces the margin of error in manual transfers.
In addition, the FTP protocol is compatible with a wide range of platforms. It performs seamlessly with operating systems such as Windows, Mac, and Linux. This makes it a versatile solution for cross-platform data exchange.
However, it may not be the best option for all data exchange needs. With the evolution of technology, advanced alternatives such as SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) and cloud-based services have emerged. These alternatives offer higher security and user-friendly interfaces.
I recommend using SFTP, especially when transferring sensitive or confidential information. SFTP offers encryption and increased security features. Thus, it is ideal for organizations that prioritize data protection.
Similarly, cloud-based file-sharing services are also popular. They offer user-friendly interfaces and collaboration features. With their modern approach to document sharing, they prioritize user experience and collaboration.
FTP Commands and Usage
You can use this protocol with the CMD command prompt on Windows operating systems. You use the command below to establish a connection to the server.
C:\> ftp
ftp> open ftp.WEBSITENAME.com
| Command | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Cd | We move to the previous directory. |
| Pwd | We specify the path of the directory. |
| Dir | We list the files. |
| Ls | We use it to list files briefly. |
| Get | We get the file at the destination. (File transfer) |
| Put | We send the file from the source. (File transfer) |
| Mget | We use it to receive multiple files. |
| Mput | We use it to send multiple files. |
| Ascii | We choose to use ASCII as the transfer mode. |
| Binary | We specify BINARY as the transfer mode. |
| Delete | We delete a file. |
| Mkdir | We create a new directory. |
| Rmdir | We delete an empty directory. |
| Help | We list the available commands. |
| Lcd | We can change the directory on the local machine without logging out. |
| Close | We close the connection without exiting FTP. |
| Quit | We use it to exit FTP completely. |
Free FTP Programs for File Transfer
There are also free transfer programs that make it very easy to structure your files.
1) FileZilla
FileZilla allows users to transfer files between their local systems and target servers. This open-source program is a powerful and popular option. It stands out with its user-friendly interface and robust features. Also, FileZilla is an ideal choice for individuals and organizations looking for a reliable FTP solution.
2) Cyberduck
Cyberduck is an ideal file transfer protocol program for users of all levels. Its user interface is simple and has powerful features. It also supports various protocols such as FTP protocol, SFTP, and WebDAV. This comprehensive protocol support makes it a popular choice for those looking for a reliable file transfer solution. As a result, it is an excellent choice for both individuals and businesses.
3) FireFTP
FireFTP is a free client integrated into the Mozilla Firefox browser. This allows users to access their accounts without installing additional software. Also, users can easily manage transfer links. Uploading and downloading files is also simple. The program offers an intuitive and seamless interface. As a result, it allows you to perform file management tasks effortlessly.
4) FreeFTP
Designed especially for PC users, FreeFTP is a user-friendly program. This program allows you to transfer files between a local computer and a remote server.
It also helps you upload files to a website or download content from a server. It also allows you to manage files on a remote machine. FreeFTP provides tools to help you perform these tasks efficiently and effectively.
5) WinSCP
WinSCP, short for Windows Secure Copy, is an open-source client for Windows. This program supports SFTP, SCP, FTPS, and FTP protocols.
WinSCP provides secure file transfers between local and remote computers. It is also suitable for updating or maintaining your website securely. As a result, WinSCP offers a user-friendly interface for these tasks.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About FTP
- What does FTP stand for?
- Is FTP secure?
- What port does FTP work on?
- How to make an FTP connection?
- Is FTP TCP or UDP?
Conclusion
In summary, the FTP protocol has played an important role in Internet communication and file transfer. However, despite its security gaps, the protocol allows us to share files between different systems.
In addition, as technology advances, more secure data transfer alternatives emerge. Still, the growth of file transfer technology shows FTP’s importance. As a result, it will be interesting to see how the future of file transfer technology will shape.
TolgaBagci
Hi, I'm Tolga, a computer expert with 20 years of experience. I help fix computer issues with things like hardware, systems, networks, virtualization, servers, and operating systems. Check out my website for helpful info, and feel free to ask me anything. Keep yourself in the loop about the newest technologies!
